全文获取类型
收费全文 | 9425篇 |
免费 | 895篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 63篇 |
2022年 | 30篇 |
2021年 | 270篇 |
2020年 | 149篇 |
2019年 | 191篇 |
2018年 | 254篇 |
2017年 | 220篇 |
2016年 | 348篇 |
2015年 | 570篇 |
2014年 | 610篇 |
2013年 | 743篇 |
2012年 | 806篇 |
2011年 | 875篇 |
2010年 | 518篇 |
2009年 | 399篇 |
2008年 | 610篇 |
2007年 | 596篇 |
2006年 | 470篇 |
2005年 | 442篇 |
2004年 | 412篇 |
2003年 | 321篇 |
2002年 | 304篇 |
2001年 | 84篇 |
2000年 | 75篇 |
1999年 | 68篇 |
1998年 | 54篇 |
1997年 | 47篇 |
1996年 | 44篇 |
1995年 | 60篇 |
1994年 | 40篇 |
1993年 | 33篇 |
1992年 | 31篇 |
1991年 | 38篇 |
1990年 | 36篇 |
1989年 | 29篇 |
1988年 | 29篇 |
1987年 | 28篇 |
1986年 | 27篇 |
1985年 | 22篇 |
1984年 | 41篇 |
1983年 | 21篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 23篇 |
1980年 | 15篇 |
1978年 | 15篇 |
1977年 | 21篇 |
1976年 | 18篇 |
1975年 | 19篇 |
1974年 | 16篇 |
1973年 | 15篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 936 毫秒
51.
Ryan K. Cheu Andrew T. Gustin Christina Lee Luca Schifanella Charlene J. Miller Avie Ha Casey Kim Violeta J. Rodriguez Margaret Fischl Adam D. Burgener Kelly B. Arnold Maria L. Alcaide Nichole R. Klatt 《PLoS pathogens》2020,16(12)
Despite the efficacy of antiretroviral-based pre-exposure prophylactics (PrEP) in men who have sex with men, studies in women have produced widely varying outcomes. Recent evidence demonstrates that vaginal microbial communities are associated with increased HIV acquisition risk and may impact PrEP efficacy. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying how vaginal bacteria alter PrEP drug levels and impact HIV infection rates ex vivo. Using cervicovaginal lavages (CVLs) from women with or without bacterial vaginosis (BV), we identified microbial metabolism of PrEP drugs in BV samples through LC-MS/MS analysis of soluble drug levels and metabolite formation in dual T-cell cultures. CVL samples were assessed for microbiome analysis using sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. We also observed non-Lactobacillus bacteria that are associated with BV may potentially impact PrEP efficacy through increased HIV infection rates in co-cultures containing Lactobacillus or BV bacteria, PrEP drugs, CEM-GFP cells, and HIV-1LAI virus. Finally, we used these data to develop a novel predictive mathematical simulation modeling system to predict these drug interactions for future trials. These studies demonstrate how dysbiotic vaginal microbiota may impact PrEP drugs and provides evidence linking vaginal bacteria to PrEP efficacy in women. 相似文献
52.
Changes in the electrical resistance of internodal cells of Nitellopsis obtusa (Desv. in Lois) J. Gr. and Lychnothamnus barbatus (Meyen) Leonh., produced by short-lasting temperature changes (3-min intervals) in the range of 4⇌48°C were measured. In the whole temperature range examined the electrical resistance of the cell membranes underwent from 5 to 9 distinct changes; the overall changes were approximately hyperbolic, while in certain narrow temperature ranges they were non-monotonic, and in others linear. Arrhenius plots of these dependencies provide data which suggest a specific, stepwise character of changes in the permeability to ions, produced by temperature alterations and probably connected with corresponding modifications of cell membrane fluidity. This seems to support the view that the cell membranes of the examined plant species may exist in different, discrete, physiological states characteristic of certain temperature ranges. 相似文献
53.
Phylogenetic approaches to inferring ancestral character states are becoming increasingly sophisticated; however, the potential remains for available methods to yield strongly supported but inaccurate ancestral state estimates. The consistency of ancestral states inferred for two or more characters affords a useful criterion for evaluating ancestral trait reconstructions. Ancestral state estimates for multiple characters that entail plausible phenotypes when considered together may reasonably be assumed to be reliable. However, the accuracy of inferred ancestral states for one or more characters may be questionable where combined reconstructions imply implausible phenotypes for a proportion of internal nodes. This criterion for assessing reconstructed ancestral states is applied here in evaluating inferences of ancestral limb morphology in the scincid lizard clade Lerista. Ancestral numbers of digits for the manus and pes inferred assuming the models that best fit the data entail ancestral digit configurations for many nodes that differ fundamentally from configurations observed among known species. However, when an alternative model is assumed for the pes, inferred ancestral digit configurations are invariably represented among observed phenotypes. This indicates that a suboptimal model for the pes (and not the model providing the best fit to the data) yields accurate ancestral state estimates. 相似文献
54.
55.
William R. Morrison III Adam Ingrao Jared Ali Zsofia Szendrei 《Journal of Plant Interactions》2016,11(1):11-19
Information is lacking on the chemical ecology of asparagus, and knowledge about the effects of its volatile emissions on its associated early season pest species is completely absent. The current study aimed to (1) evaluate whether the asparagus miner responds to asparagus volatiles, (2) identify and compare the changes in asparagus host plant volatiles from mechanical and chewing damage by the black cutworm, a temporally co-occurring species with the asparagus miner, and (3) assess how asparagus volatiles affect asparagus miner populations in the field. Results indicated that asparagus miners were significantly attracted to healthy asparagus stems when compared to clean air. Damaged asparagus headspace volatiles were quantitatively and qualitatively different from healthy plants. Volatile baits elicited a range of responses, but their effects were inconsistent between sampling years and phenology-dependent. Overall, we demonstrated that the chemical ecology of asparagus may be altered by its pest community, and volatiles identified from asparagus may impact the behavior of the asparagus miner. 相似文献
56.
57.
Ryszard Koczura Beata Przyszlakowska Joanna Mokracka Adam Kaznowski 《Current microbiology》2014,69(3):258-262
Sixty-three clinical isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus–baumannii complex were analyzed for the presence of integrons and antimicrobial resistance. Class 1 integrons were detected in 40 (63.5 %) isolates. None of them had class 2 or class 3 integrons. The majority of the integrons contained aacC1–orfA–orfB–aadA1 gene cassette array. The presence of integrons was associated with the increased frequency of resistance to 12 of 15 antimicrobials tested, multi-drug resistance phenotype, and the overall resistance ranges of the strains. 相似文献
58.
Marc Ledig Adam Holownia Jean-Christophe Copin Georges Tholey Irina Anokhina 《Neurochemical research》1996,21(3):313-317
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of supplementation of a maternal alcohol diet with a grape extract on glial
cell development. Glial cells were cultured during 4 weeks from cortical brain cells of the new born offspring in DMEM medium
supplemented with fetal calf serum. Enzymatic markers of nerve cell development were measured (enolase isoenzymes and glutamine
synthetase). Since alcohol consumption produces free radicals the antioxidant system superoxide dismutase was also investigated.
Compared to the decrease found in only alcohol treated animals, all parameters except neuron-specific enolase were antagonized
and even stimulated after grape extract supplementation. The effect was more important after only 1 month than 3 months of
treatment. Also in the total brain an alcohol antagonizing effect and a glutamine synthetase activation were found. Our data
demonstrate that addition of a grape extract to the maternal alcohol diet may partially or completely overcome the alcohol
induced retardation of glial cell development. 相似文献
59.
A taxonomic reappraisal of the European Daphnia longispina complex (Crustacea, Cladocera, Anomopoda)
Adam Petrusek Anders Hobæk Jens Petter Nilssen Morten Skage Martin ČErný Nora Brede Klaus Schwenk 《Zoologica scripta》2008,37(5):507-519
The Daphnia longispina complex contains some of the most common water flea species in the northern hemisphere, and has been a model organism for many ecological and evolutionary studies. Nevertheless, the systematics and nomenclature of this group, in particular its Palaearctic members, have been in flux for the past 150 years; this hinders the correct interpretation of scientific results and promotes the erroneous use of species names. We revise the systematics of this species complex based on mitochondrial sequence variation (12S rDNA and COI) of representative populations across Europe, with a special focus on samples from type localities of the respective taxa. Combining genetic evidence and morphological assignments of analysed individuals, we propose a comprehensive revision of the European members of the D. longispina complex. We show that D. hyalina and D. rosea morphotypes have evolved several times independently, and we find no evidence to maintain these morphotypes as distinct biological species. Alpine individuals described as D. zschokkei are conspecific with the above-mentioned lineage. We suggest that this morphologically and ecologically plastic but genetically uniform hyalina–rosea–zschokkei clade should be identified as D. longispina (O. F. Müller, 1776). The valid name of Fennoscandian individuals labelled D. longispina sensu stricto in the recent literature is D. lacustris G. O. Sars, 1862. Additionally, we discovered another divergent lineage of this group, likely an undescribed species, in southern Norway. Our results present a solution for several prevailing taxonomic problems in the genus Daphnia , and have broad implications for interpretation of biogeographical patterns, and ecological and evolutionary studies. 相似文献
60.